Physical Activity and Bone Health

As an increasing amount of research on mechanical loading, exercise, and bone health becomes available, there is a growing need to synthesize and clarify the rapidly evolving information. No other resource fills this need better than the timely Physical Activity and Bone Health-the first book of its kind to examine effective exercise as it contributes to bone health.

This text is written for all "students" of the human movement sciences with an interest in skeletal structure and function. It compiles a wealth of research literature-from the earliest to the most recent studies-making it a time-saving and essential resource.

Physical Activity and Bone Health was written by six highly acclaimed authorities in the field, which adds tremendously to its value. Only in this book will you gain access to such broad and balanced perspectives and a diverse knowledge base.

Emphasizing exercise and its effect on bone, the book's sections-which can be read in any order-contain current information on these topics:

	Basic anatomy and physiology of the structure and function of bone
	Factors other than exercise that influence bone
	Exercising to maintain a healthy skeleton from childhood through old age
	The role of exercise in preventing perimenopausal bone loss
	Medical issues of bone deterioration
	Questions that require further research

In addition, one section of the book is devoted to practical exercise prescriptions for different stages of life-from childhood and adolescence to adulthood and the elderly years. The exercise prescriptions are safe and effective and can be used by professionals in physical activity, health, and bone fields as a way to optimize bone health.

Physical Activity and Bone Health is richly supported with illustrations, more than 850 references, and 20 chapters that stand alone or can be read together for a comprehensive picture.

For those who wish to explore the frontiers of bone health, Physical Activity and Bone Health is a handy and trusted guide.

Contents

Preface

Part I Structure, Function, and Measurement of Bone

Chapter 1 - Anatomy	Chapter 2 - Physiology
Bone's Organic Makeup Macroscopic and Microscopic Appearance Bone Cells: Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts Summary References	Calcium Homeostasis Mechanotransduction Modeling and Remodeling Summary References
Chapter 3 - Biomechanics	Chapter 4 - Measuring the Properties of Bone
Material Properties of Bone Structural Properties of Bone Bone's Response to Local Mechanical Loading How Physical Activity Generates Loads on Bone Summary References	Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Quantitative Ultrasound Quantitative Computed Tomography Measuring Bone Metabolism: Biochemical Markers Summary References

Part II Determinants of Bone Mineral Other Than Physical Activity

Chapter 5 - Age, Sex, Genetics, and Race	Chapter 6 - Soft Tissue Determinants of Bone Mineral Density
Age Sex Genetics Race and Ethnicity Summary References	Total Body Mass and BMD Lean Mass and BMD Fat Mass and BMD Soft Tissue in Bone Research Studies Summary References
Chapter 7 - Influence of Normal Endocrine Function on Bone Mineral	Chapter 8 - Dietary Intake and Bone Mineral
Estrogen Progesterone Effects of Pregnancy and Lactation Testosterone Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Corticosteroid Hormones Thyroid Hormone Summary References	Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Density at Various Life Stages Vitamin D and Bone Mineralization Dietary Supplementation and Fracture Risk Interaction of Calcium and Physical Activity Other Lifestyle Factors and Bone Mineral Density Summary References

Part III Evidence and Prescription: A Life Span Approach

Chapter 9 - Measurement of Physical Activity	Chapter 10 - Physical Activity and Bone in Childhood and Adolescence
Inherent Limitations Traditional Methods Suggestions for Measuring Physical Activity in Bone Studies Summary References	Exercise, Bone Mineral Response, and Age Normal Bone Mineral Accrual Targeted Bone Loading and Bone Mineral Generalized Physical Activity and Bone Mineral Exercise Prescriptions Summary References
Chapter 11 - Physical Activity, Targeted Bone Loading, and Bone Mineral in Premenopausal Women	Chapter 12 - Physical Activity, Targeted Bone Loading, and Bone Mineral in Postmenopausal Women
Longitudinal Studies: Exercise Intervention Cross-Sectional Studies: Athletes Versus Controls Longitudinal Studies: Athletes Versus Controls Cross-Sectional Studies: Generalized Physical Activity Mechanism of Bone Augmentation Exercise Prescription Summary References	Vertebral BMD and Targeted Bone Loading Vertebral BMD and Minimal Bone Loading Proximal Femoral BMD and Targeted Bone Loading Mechanism of Bone Changes Mechanism of Mechanical Load Adaptation Exercise Prescription Summary References
Chapter 13 - Physical Activity and Bone Mineral in Men	Chapter 14 - Exercise and Fall Prevention
Controlled Trials of Exercise and BMD Longitudinal Observational Studies Cross-Sectional Studies of Athletes and Controls Studies Examining Physical Activity As a Determinant of BMD Mechanism of Bone Gain Exercise Prescriptions Summary References	Falling, Fracture, and Age-Related Physiological Changes Among Older Adults Can Exercise Decrease the Incidence of Falls? Guidelines for Exercise Prescription Summary References
Chapter 15 Exercise Prescription for People With Osteoporosis
The Problem of Osteoporosis Finer Point: Commonly Prescribed Treatments for Osteoporosis Exercise Prescriptions Summary References

Part IV Intense Physical Activity and Bone Health

Chapter - 16 Skeletal Effects of Menstrual Disturbance	Chapter 17 - Stress Fractures
Delayed Menarche and Bone Mass Intense Physical Training and Linear Growth Menstrual Disturbance and Bone Other Factors Contributing to Osteopenia Athlete Menstrual Disturbance and Osteoporosis Mechanism of Bone Loss Treatment of Amenorrheic Women References	Continuum of Bone Overuse Injury Why Stress Fractures Occur-Pathophysiology Clinical Aspects Treatment of Stress Fractures Risk Factors Summary References

Part V Research Opportunities: Physical Activity and Bone Health

Chapter 18 -Getting Involved in Bone Research	Chapter 19 - Research Projects Suitable for a Master's Thesis
Studies: Bone at the Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Levels Summary References	Course Work Studies Appropriate for a Master's Thesis Summary References
Chapter 20 - Research Projects Suitable for a PhD Thesis
Recent Bone and Physical Activity Doctoral Theses Current Questions in the Field Summary References

Appendix A Tables
Appendix B Questionnaires
Index
About the Authors